The relentless growth for portable electronics and electric vehicles has intensified the search for next-generation battery technologies that offer greater energy density, faster charging times, and extended lifespans. Traditional lithium-ion batteries are reaching their ceilings, prompting resea

Carbon nanotubes nanotubes possess remarkable properties that have captured the imagination of scientists and engineers for years. These spherical structures, composed of rolled-up graphene sheets, exhibit exceptional strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal performance. Harnessing these ex